$H In the blockchain and Web3 ecosystem, identity issues have always been at the foundational layer and are also among the most challenging long-term problems to solve thoroughly.

Due to the extremely low cost of generating on-chain addresses, the same entity can create numerous identities with almost no restrictions, leading to systemic distortions in governance, incentives, and resource allocation scenarios. These behaviors are commonly referred to as Sybil attacks, and their impact has penetrated multiple key areas such as DAO governance, airdrop mechanisms, and decentralized social networks.

Traditional countermeasures typically rely on centralized KYC, single identity providers, or probabilistic models based on behavior and device characteristics. However, these solutions either sacrifice user privacy, weaken decentralization principles, or have obvious shortcomings in security and scalability. In the context of Web3, how can we verify a “real and unique human identity” without exposing personal information?