Scalability and Security in Parallel: A Comprehensive Analysis of Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum is scheduled to undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which are like 12 precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and efficiency. Below, I will categorize these 12 EIPs and explain in simple terms what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum Faster and More Capacity

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing efficiency for Layer 2 scaling solutions.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Problem: Since the Dencun upgrade introduced “Blob” data for cheap Layer 2 data storage, a key issue has arisen: how to ensure the massive amount of data is truly available? Currently, each validator downloads and verifies all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 blobs, this is manageable. But if future blocks carry more (e.g., 128 blobs), downloading and verifying all blobs becomes costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check all” approach into “sampling.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the full blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—they randomly download and verify only a few data slices.

4. Validators then cross-check and exchange verification results to collectively confirm the data’s integrity and availability.

It’s like a big puzzle: everyone has only a few pieces, but by checking key connections, they can confirm the whole puzzle is intact. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea has been successfully implemented in third-party projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS fills a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling blueprint.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage requirements for validators, clearing a major obstacle to large-scale data capacity expansion. In the future, each block could hold hundreds of blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, while allowing ordinary users to run validators and maintain decentralization.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Problem: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity changes rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka to adjust blob limits is too slow and can’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO). It’s a lightweight upgrade that only modifies a few parameters related to blobs (e.g., target blobs per block), without complex code changes. Node operators can simply accept new parameters at a specified time, like updating a config file online, without full client upgrades.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans two consecutive BPO upgrades to double blob capacity gradually. This allows flexible, on-demand scaling of blob space, smoothing out costs and throughput increases with manageable risks.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Problem: The previous blob fee adjustment mechanism was too volatile. When demand was low, fees dropped near zero, failing to stimulate demand and creating a “lowest price” anomaly. When demand surged, fees spiked, causing high costs. This price volatility made fee planning difficult for Layer 2 projects.

Solution: EIP-7918 stabilizes blob fees by setting reasonable bounds, linking fee limits to the Layer 2 execution fee on Layer 1. Whether updating state roots or verifying ZK proofs, these execution costs are relatively stable and less affected by transaction volume. Tying blob fees to this “anchor” prevents wild fluctuations.

Significance: This prevents fee “volatility” and makes Layer 2 operating costs more predictable. Stable fees help projects set more consistent, fair transaction costs, avoiding rollercoaster experiences like “free today, expensive tomorrow.”

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Problem: The total transaction capacity per block is limited by the “block gas limit” (around 30 million), which hasn’t been adjusted for years. To increase throughput, raising this limit is necessary, but without compromising decentralization or hardware requirements.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default gas limit to a new level (e.g., 45 million or higher). It’s a recommended default, encouraging validators to accept higher limits gradually.

Significance: More transactions per block mean higher TPS, easing congestion and reducing gas prices. However, it also demands better hardware from validators, so the community will proceed cautiously.

Security and Stability! Building a Robust Network

While scaling, ensuring security is paramount. The Ethereum Foundation launched the “Trillion Dollar Security” plan in May 2025, aiming to create a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka support this goal, like installing better “brakes” and “guardrails.”

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Problem: Ethereum’s “block gas limit” only considers computational load, not physical size. Attackers could craft “data bombs”—large, low-cost transactions that inflate block size without much computation, slowing network propagation and risking DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB on block size. Any block exceeding this is rejected.

Significance: Like regulating truck sizes on a highway, this prevents oversized blocks from slowing down the network, ensuring faster propagation and better resilience.

EIP-7825: Set Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Problem: While total block gas is limited, individual transactions have no cap. A malicious actor could craft a single transaction consuming nearly all block resources, delaying others.

Solution: Limit each transaction to 16.77 million gas. Complex transactions exceeding this must be split.

Significance: Ensures fairness and predictability, preventing single transactions from monopolizing block space.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Problem: The ModExp precompile handles large exponentiation, used in cryptography. It has two risks: unbounded input size and low gas cost for large inputs, enabling abuse.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input size to 8192 bits.

• EIP-7883: Increase gas costs for large inputs, making abuse costly.

Significance: These measures remove attack vectors, ensuring the precompile is used safely and efficiently.

Developer Tools and Functionality Upgrades

Beyond scaling and security, Fusaka introduces new tools for developers to build more powerful applications.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Problem: Devices like iPhones, bank security keys, and hardware modules use secp256r1 (P-256), but Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits hardware wallet compatibility.

Solution: Add a precompile to support and verify secp256r1 signatures natively.

Significance: Opens the door for billions of devices to securely sign Ethereum transactions directly, lowering barriers and enhancing security—bridging Web2 and Web3.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Problem: Calculating the number of leading zeros in a 256-bit number is common in cryptography and ZK applications. Currently, no direct opcode exists, requiring costly Solidity code.

Solution: Add a “CLZ” opcode to compute leading zeros efficiently.

Significance: Provides developers with a powerful tool, reducing gas costs for math-heavy applications like ZK rollups.

Invisible but Critical Network Optimizations

Two EIPs improve network health and coordination without direct user impact.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Problem: As history grows, new nodes must download massive data, raising barriers. Also, some redundant fields in transaction receipts add unnecessary data.

Solution: Implement “data expiry” for old data and simplify receipt formats, allowing nodes to skip outdated info.

Significance: Cuts full sync data by about 530GB, making node operation easier and promoting decentralization.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order & Pre-Confirmation

Problem: Current Layer 2 rollups rely on a central sequencer, risking censorship and MEV extraction. Moving to a more decentralized ordering via L1 proposers introduces delays, hurting user experience.

Solution: Modify consensus to precompute and publish the proposer schedule, turning random selection into a predictable timetable.

Significance: Enables “Pre-Confirmed” Layer 2, where gateways can negotiate with future proposers, reducing delays while maintaining decentralization. This is key for next-gen “Based Rollup” solutions.

Why Is Fusaka the Right Upgrade at the Right Time?

Fusaka isn’t just a technical upgrade; it’s a strategic move in a world where Ethereum is increasingly used for real-world assets and large-scale finance. Currently, Ethereum hosts over 56% of stablecoin supply, becoming the backbone of global digital dollar settlement. Fusaka aims to prepare Ethereum for “Wall Street-level” assets and transaction volumes.

• For Institutional Layer 2 Chains: It provides the “fuel” for unlimited scaling, lowering data costs, and enabling tailored solutions for compliance and enterprise needs.

• For Building a $1 Trillion Security Foundation: It strengthens security measures, closing vulnerabilities, and supporting assets worth trillions.

In summary, Fusaka’s clear focus on “scaling and security” positions Ethereum to capitalize on favorable regulations and market trends, transforming from a speculative asset into a mainstream financial infrastructure.

Conclusion: Quiet but Deep Transformation

As a key upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target core issues of scalability, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, readying it for massive future users, assets, and applications.

For ordinary users, these changes may seem subtle, but their impact will be profound. A stronger, faster, safer Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—instant global settlement networks or “On-Chain Wall Street.” Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

This analysis is based on publicly available information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please DYOR and proceed cautiously.

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