Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has claimed the blockchain trilemma – balancing decentralization, security, and scalability – has been solved through live implementations of ZK-EVMs and PeerDAS.
“The trilemma has been solved – not on paper, but with live running code, of which one half (data availability sampling) is *on mainnet today*, and the other half (ZK-EVMs) is *production-quality on performance today* – safety is what remains,” said Buterin in a post on X.
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PeerDAS, introduced on the Ethereum mainnet with the recent Fusaka upgrade, lets validators sample data availability randomly instead of downloading full blocks, mimicking BitTorrent’s efficiency with consensus.
ZK-EVMs enable fast transaction verification without revealing underlying data, reaching production-quality performance. Buterin expects that by 2030, further gas limit increases will enable ZK-EVMs to become the primary way to validate blocks on the network.
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