An inventory of 18 ERC-4337 projects funded by the Ethereum Foundation

Author: ERC4337 official; Translation: Golden Finance xiaozou & 0xjs

The Ethereum Foundation is pleased to announce the successful conclusion of the ERC-4337 Account Abstract Grant. This funding program will support 18 teams working hard to build various projects around ERC-4337 (ie Account Abstraction: Account Abstraction).

Each team’s projects are aligned with the goals of the ERC-4337 AA grant, and we believe the results of these projects’ efforts will ripple through the ecosystem, inspiring new ideas and collaboration opportunities.

The passion and talent behind these projects are at the heart of this funding round’s success, with a deep understanding of the Ethereum ethos and a commitment to expanding the boundaries of possibility. The recipients of this round have a wide variety of skills and experience, united by a common goal of advancing Ethereum.

To get an in-depth look at each project and project team, we recommend that you take a look at the project profiles listed below, provided by the teams themselves (in no particular order). As these projects move forward, we eagerly look forward to seeing their progress and their potential impact on Ethereum’s trajectory.

Stay tuned for further developments on the project. Together, let’s chart a course for Ethereum’s next billion users, step by step.

1、ZeroDev Kernel

ZeroDev Kernel (referred to as Kernel) is a smart contract account, and its original design is to:

· For AA wallets - Kernel is compatible with ERC-4337

Efficient - we take optimization of its gas usage very seriously

Modularity - the Kernel can be extended through “plugins”

Plug-ins are smart contracts that customize account behavior. We recognize that it is impossible to predict what users will need from their smart contract accounts because in the process of using their accounts, users will interact with many different DApps. So, the only solution is to make the account extensible so that users can add new features to their account at a later stage.

At the time of writing, Kernel is the most widely used AA account across all major EVM networks (Ethereum/Polygon/Arbitrum/Optimism/Base). Kernel is a project of ZeroDev, which integrates AA building infrastructure and tools for developers.

Team members: Derek Chiang | Taek Lee

Links: Website——;Twitter——

2、Etherspot的Skandha Bundler

ERC-4337 introduces a memory pool designated for account abstraction wallet execution activities. In addition, it also proposes a new concept called “bundler”, which merges user actions into the traditional transaction framework. This bundler-driven approach enforces account abstraction enforcement without changing the underlying protocol. This mechanism also lays the groundwork for potentially seamless integration in the future. In this case, the importance of the P2P interface in the bundler becomes apparent. By merging the P2P interface, UserOps received by a specific bundler will be propagated among all interconnected peers (peer nodes). Thus, even in cases where a specific bundler exhibits misbehavior or engages in transaction censorship, these UserOps can still be addressed by other bundlers in the network.

The Etherspot team has helped the Ethereum Foundation develop the protocol specification for shared memory pools, and is using Etherspot’s bundler deployment guidance to implement shared memory pools (P2P interfaces). Etherspot’s bundler is called Skandha and is currently running on 6 testnets and 11 mainnets, including Ethereum, Polygon, Optimism, Arbitrum, Fuse, Mantle, Gnosis, Base, Avalanche, BNB and Linea.

Team members: Partha | Utkir | Ardian

Link: Website——Development Document——

Twitter–

3、MynaWallet

We are developing MynaWallet, a contract account integrated with the Japanese government-issued identification card (Myna Card), which is currently used by approximately 100 million residents. We are leveraging the familiar swipe method to enable users to seamlessly make token payments, transfer funds or receive NFTs, and perform any transaction supported by their account.

This has the potential to make cryptocurrencies accessible to the vast majority of Japanese residents. We will be very happy if this move becomes a precedent that inspires other countries to conduct similar experiments, connect their national identity infrastructure to Ethereum, and bring their own citizens into the crypto space.

Team members: Hiro | Hide | Shin | Dan

Link: github——

4. Blocto: Support AA in Web3.js

First of all, the Blocto team is very honored to be a beneficiary of the ERC-4337 AA funding program. We believe that our Web3.js project not only aligns with the goals of the ERC-4337 AA funding program, but also plays a vital role in the broader field of dApp development.

To promote the development of ERC-4337, we decided to share 4337-specific RPC methods through Web3.js, such as sendUserOperation, estimateUserOperationGas, getUserOperationByHash, getUserOperationReceipt, and supportedEntryPoints. By doing this, developers can use these methods to focus on what they really care about: dApps. For example, if a dApp wants to provide a better user experience, they can change the calling method from sendTransaction to sendUserOperation as long as the wallet provider supports this feature.

Blocto firmly believes that streamlining these processes will help foster the growth of a supporting dApp ecosystem, ultimately catalyzing a new era of decentralized applications that are not only fully functional, but also developer-centric and user-centric.

We invite developers and other interested parties to join us in shaping the future of the decentralized web.

Learn more about Web3.js, Blocto and the core team

Project Github:

Team members: Hsuan Lee | Jimmy Pan

Link: Website Twitter

5、Silius

Silius is a modular and efficient ERC-4337 bundler implementation in Rust. The project fits perfectly with the broader ERC vision and ecosystem - tracking specification changes and supporting upcoming features such as P2P protocols and alternative mempools. The bundler is structured such that its core building blocks—main components and libraries—can be reused as LEGO bricks in other AA projects in the ecosystem. Silius also contributes to the Rust Ethereum ecosystem by building and extending other Rust libraries and projects.

Team member: Vid Kersic | Will Q

Link: Github—— | Hackmd——

6、Schnorrkel.js

We should emphasize that through account abstraction, Schnorr signatures are enabled. If it weren’t for the account abstraction, each dapp would have to write Schnorr signature handling in its contract and explain to the world and the EOA wallet why they had to sign two messages (ECDSA for the mempool and Schnorr for the actual transaction), making it very clumsy to use. All this thanks to account abstraction. Just sign the UserOperation with a Schnorr signature and pass it to the paymaster. Schnorr signature verification is handled on the AA smart contract. In other words, AA enables different signature schemes.

**Why does Schnorr sign more? **

• Complexity is off-chain, making on-chain Schnorr verification very cheap (~3k gas)
• Privacy - on-chain, no one knows the number of participants as they are represented by a single address

QR-Seal is a fully ERC-4337 compatible Schnorr multi-signature wallet that uses the grant-winning Schnorr library, Ambire Wallet contracts for AA and paymasters. We participated in the ETH Prague hackathon and won the ETH Future category with a QR seal. This hackathon demonstrates how two people can create a multi-signature wallet and pass data via QR codes.

Team members: Borislav Itskov | Kaloyan Kosev | Cvetan Mihaylov

Link: Website - |

Github——

7. Ambire: Self-hosted email/password authentication via DKIM

Email registration is a viable way to attract new users into the world of crypto because it presents a familiar process of using email for access and recovery. We will provide an easier and more native way to add recovery mechanisms or transaction signing to Account Abstraction wallets, which is also more secure. This type of recovery or transaction signing will enhance self-hosting and UX for new users in Web3. Such a library will minimize the workload of other developers focusing on AA solutions to provide more friendly UX applications to their users.

Furthermore, we believe that such applications will greatly attract new users into the world of Web3.

The library will be fully open source and licensed under a liberal license like MIT, like all our current efforts on DKIM verification or email/password accounts.

Ambire, a web-based account abstraction wallet launching in late 2021, is the first application to create self-hosted accounts using email/password authentication thanks to the underlying 2/2 multisig.

After a year of running on mainnet and other EVM networks, we think email-based signups are great for attracting people who don’t have the technical skills or patience to deal with seed phrases or browser extensions.

Ambire Smart Account provides multi-signature options for multi-signature. We support two types of signers. The first is email/password signers and the second is EOA such as hardware wallets, browser extensions (Web3 wallets), etc.

When using an email/password signer, Ambire creates a 2/2 multisig for you behind the scenes, where one key is on your device and encrypted with the password, while the other is responsible for verifying the email confirmation code and “Live” on the backend HSM. Both keys are required to control the account, but one key is sufficient to trigger the timing recovery process.

For email/password accounts, we provide recovery options in case password or email access is lost. If only one key signs a transaction, the contract will trigger a 72-hour timer recovery. After 72 hours, the missing key in the transaction will be replaced with a new key provided by the user in the same transaction.

For more information, read our security model or read more broadly in our white paper.

Team members: Ivo Georgiev | Gergana Mihaylova | Petromir Petrov

Link: Website——

Twitter–

8. IoTeX: ZKP-based account abstract wallet

Leveraging zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), ZKP-based account abstraction wallets enhance and expand the potential of on-chain gaming, DeFi, DeSocial, DePIN and other applications, establishing interoperability between Ethereum and real-world applications.

The wallet uses zkSNARKs to confirm account access: if the user has the correct password, they can use the proof generator to generate a valid proof to unlock the account. The on-chain smart contract then verifies this proof to validate the transaction.

Our forward vision includes the use of ZKPs in multiple aspects of account-abstracted wallets, including wallet operations via web2 authentication, social recovery using web2 social media status, and initializing zero-balance wallets using popular web2 payment channels.

The project team consists of two senior researchers from the IoTeX team.

progress

We have completed many infrastructure projects for the account abstraction of the IoTeX network, such as bundler, paymaster, and ZKP/P256 smart contracts, etc. In addition, we have completed the MVP version of the project, the following is the code base:

Smart Contract-

ZKP circuit-

UI -

A live version of this project on the IoTex network is:

Team members: Dr. Xinxin Fan | Leo Yang

Links: Website – Twitter –

9. SixdegreeLab: On-chain data analysis

The original vision of the project is to provide Web3 data analysts with the necessary knowledge and skills to adapt to the changes in Ethereum and EVM chain data structure changes caused by ERC-4337 and maintain effective on-chain data analysis. Specifically, the project will:

1. Provide several data indicator dashboards to help account abstraction practitioners understand the ecological data situation. Also, create an aggregated data table to assist the analyst.

2. Provide educational tutorial documents covering the impact of account abstraction on on-chain data analysis. This tutorial is accessible to Web3 data analysts, enabling them to adapt to the new data structure and effectively conduct on-chain data analysis in Web3.

3. As more and more players participate in account abstraction, including infrastructure, dApps, and mainstream users, we need a report from a data perspective to illustrate the current state of ERC-4337 adoption. Based on the above analysis, this is what we will do.

By addressing the impact of ERC-4337 on on-chain data analysis and exploring native account abstraction mechanisms in other Layer 2 and EVM chains, this project can provide valuable insights and resources to data analysts working in the Ethereum ecosystem. In turn, this allows for more effective identification and mitigation of vulnerabilities and performance issues on the Ethereum platform, helping to ensure its continued success and growth.

Overall, the project ensures that on-chain data analysis remains a valuable and effective tool for the Ethereum community and contributes to Ethereum by providing insights and resources to data analysts working on the Ethereum, Layer2 and EVM chains. Contribute to the growth and success of the ecosystem.

Check out what the team has accomplished so far!

Metrics Dashboards and Aggregated Tables

Dune’s spellbook (aggregated data table):

source code:

Link (requires creation of a free Dune account):

All EVM chain ERC4337 dashboard:

Individual chain metrics dashboard:

**What’s next? **

• ERC4337 analysis tutorial
• The concept of account abstraction
• Explain the EntryPoint contract
• AA player analysis - users, bundlers, payment masters, wallet factories
• Advanced analysis - gas, called contract operations
• Account abstraction report
• Half-year account abstract report

Team members: Louis Wang | Spring Zhang | Julyan | 0xbi | 0xetwas

Links: Website – Twitter –

10. Jam: Picnic’s DeFi transaction batch processing program

Jam is an open-source API for generating DeFi operations for ERC-4337 applications. Our goal is to enable developers to easily offer a variety of DeFi products through a simple API, while making DeFi more accessible to end users. You can ask Jam how to perform a specific DeFi operation and then receive calldata that performs all the required steps, performed in a single transaction.

Picnic has been working with various DeFi integrations for the past two years and has felt the difficulty of maintaining such infrastructure. We believe the best way forward is to turn it into a public good, and funding from the Ethereum Foundation is an excellent way to coordinate community collaboration. For a more detailed description of the project and related links, please visit:

Team members: João Ferreira | Pedro Brandão | André Thiessen

Links: Website - Twitter -

11. TokenSight: Account abstraction multi-factor authentication using WebAuthn

The problem we are trying to solve has to do with on-chain smart contract wallet security, and our approach focuses on two overlapping directions - creating an ERC-4337 smart contract wallet with a WebAuthn facility, and adding a WebAuthn facility to an existing ERC-4337 wallet As a development tool for multi-factor transaction authorization mechanisms.

Our approach is based on a fully on-chain implementation of an optimized gas-cost WebAuthn signature verification scheme without using any MPC architecture, thus providing maximum security and decentralization.

The team behind this project consists of Nasi and Blagoj, who have years of experience in the blockchain industry. We are passionate about smart contract security and want to provide users with maximum security and seamless UX for their funds in smart contract wallets is something we believe is very important as this helps attract the next billion users. We are currently building Tokensight (which will be the first application using our open source WebAuthn wallet.

Our goal is to bring smart contract wallet security to users’ fingertips.

Team members: Blagoj Dimovski | Nasi J.

Links: Website - Twitter - _io/

12. ZK-Team: PriFi Labs’ team privacy protection account abstraction

The priceless thing about account abstraction is its ability to facilitate shared ownership of accounts, allowing team members to transact seamlessly as a unified entity. An organization can create an abstract account with predefined rules governing authorized individuals and their assigned spending limits. In a simple setup, a team member’s address and their associated perks might be written to the blockchain. Doing so raises a legitimate privacy concern, as organizations may be reluctant to publicly disclose such sensitive information.

ZK-team is a privacy-preserving team account abstraction proof-of-concept that enables organizations to manage team members and protect their individual privacy. By leveraging zero-knowledge proofs, ZK-team ensures the confidentiality of team members’ different addresses and their associated quotas. We want our project to be a turnkey solution for organizations managing teams and assets, and to serve as a reference for Ethereum developers who want to use zero-knowledge proofs to protect the privacy of information stored in account abstractions.

PriFi Labs is a startup from Toronto, Ontario, Canada working to enhance the security and privacy of blockchain applications.

Team members: Thierry Sans | David Liu

Links: Website——Twitter——

13. Rhinestone: Modular account abstraction

The account abstraction promises enhanced security and meaningful UX improvements without compromising the web3 ethos. At Rhinestone, we believe the future of account abstraction is modular, where modules are smart contracts that extend the functionality of smart accounts — providing a new platform for permissionless wallet innovation.

However, opening smart accounts to third-party developers through modules increases the attack surface of user accounts. We are developing a standard for registering modules and attesting to assert claims about the security of those modules. This registry serves as a trust delegation mechanism for smart accounts to query before installing third-party modules, increasing user security.

Team Members: Konrad Kopp | Kurt Larsen | ZeroKnots

Friendly links: Website——Twitter——

14. AAA: Account abstraction after hours

At AAA, our journey started with a simple idea - to raise awareness about AA and 4337. While we may no longer be writing code ourselves, our passion for the technology and commitment to mass crypto adoption remains as strong as ever. We firmly believe that account abstraction is the key to unlocking widespread adoption.

What started as a small developer gathering has grown into a series of influential events spanning three continents. These events serve as a platform for knowledge sharing and community building, perfectly aligned with the goals of the ERC-4337 AA grant.

Going forward, we are excited to further expand our reach. Educational videos and interactive tutorials are coming soon, allowing us to make crypto technology accessible and understandable to more people. We are honored to be a part of this journey and committed to making meaningful contributions to the crypto space.

Team members: Mirko Garozzo | Francesco Andreoli

15. Unpacking 4337——Series of technical articles

I received a grant to look “under the hood” of the EIP-4337 component. The aim is to reduce the time and effort required for developers and researchers to understand what is going on and start focusing on specific areas they are interested in contributing further to.

The three themes are:

1. User-op life cycle: The journey of userOp in the bundler and the different functions called by the bundler at the entry point to verify and finally commit it to the chain.

2. Understand the different gas parameters: There are several gas parameters specified at the bundler, mempool, and userOp levels (as listed here). Explain these parameters and their effects.

3. Explain the different calldata parameters:

4. Enter transaction calldata

5. User operation calldata

6. Send more Txns calldata

These articles will be published on JiffyScan’s blog and/or Medium posts.

You can read the first article here: 4337 Input Transaction Calladata and UserOp Calldata.

Team Member: Aditya Agarwal

16. Hexlink: EIP-4972 - Link ENS to ERC-4337 accounts

Hexlink aims to provide all ENS users with a ready-to-use AA compliant smart account with EIP-4972. With Hexlink, a unique AA-compliant smart account can be derived from each ENS name, which can be deployed exclusively by the domain owner and used to receive cryptocurrency immediately. Considering that most ENS names are currently controlled by EOA, we believe that this dual account setup will help convert all existing ENS users into AA users, thereby aiding the migration from EOA to smart accounts, thus promoting wider adoption of AA.

Team members: Shu Dong | Peter Chen | Zihao Chen

Friendly links: Website——Twitter——

17. UniPass: OpenID authentication module

Account abstraction enables developers to customize verification logic and leverage various Internet infrastructure for user authentication. The UniPass team is launching a novel user authentication solution that verifies on-chain signatures of ID tokens from the OpenID Connect protocol - an OpenID authentication solution for new user login and recovery.

This solution works in conjunction with ERC-4337 to facilitate one-click OAuth login and account creation for new users using social logins such as Google and Apple. Additionally, it simplifies the recovery process if keys are lost or compromised. This project aims to build a library that enables ERC-4337 wallet developers to easily integrate OpenID authentication into their products.

We are currently building the AA wallet in stealth mode.

Team Members: Jason Chai | zz | Aven | kylexyxu

Links: Website——Twitter——

18. Clave: Improve secp256r1 curve’s support for AA

Although account abstraction solutions continue to emerge, providing a better user experience without compromising security remains one of the major challenges. The Clave team (formerly known as Opclave) is researching and developing tools for leveraging mobile device-native software and hardware solutions as signers, elevating mobile device wallets to the security level of hardware wallets by maximizing the user experience. The following are some of the goals of the grant scope:

• Share research results to leverage solutions such as Secure Enclave, WebAuthn, Passkeys and more.
• Provide sample code to use these solutions as a transaction signer
• Provide sample code to handle these signed transactions in smart contracts
• Provide sample account contracts managed by these solutions by integrating Solidity validators and precompiled contracts
• Promoted EIP-7212 to improve these solutions for efficient use in the EVM

The Clave team includes developers and researchers who first introduced the concept at the “ETHGlobal Scaling Ethereum 2023” hackathon. Now, the team is working on leveraging a mobile device’s trusted execution environment as a signer to provide accounts driven by the account abstraction.

Team member: Baki Er | Eren Yecan | Rafi Ersozlu Ulash Erdoğan Dogan Alpaslan Farhad Asgarov Tahir Ozpala Hamza Karabakh Alim Sahin | Ismail Emin

Friendly links: Website——Twitter——

Hackathon page -